STEM 教育(STEM Education)源于美国。美国科学教育学者最早于20世纪50年代提出科学素养概念,也得到其他国家科学教育学者的认可。该理念认为,我们正处在一个科学和技术占领主导地位的世界里,这是一个提升国家综合实力的关键因素。这与20世纪前半叶科学的迅猛发展是分不开的:科学技术和工程的发展给公众的生活带来翻天覆地的变化,堪称社会发展进步的重要动力。

小布什两届任期内,STEM 作为新概念不断出现在美国各种改革政策和项目,甚至法律中。2007年10月,美国国家科学委员会发布报告《国家行动计划:应对美国科学、技术、工程和数学教育系统的紧急需要》,提醒美国时刻不忘加强开展 STEM 教育。
奥巴马总统执政之后,对 STEM 教育的重视更提升到新的层次。上任之初,他便将增加财政投入支持 STEM 教育写进《美国振兴及投资法案》并颁布。第一任期内,他实施「竞争卓越计划」、「为创新而教计划」以及「新科技教育十年计划」等。2014年,白宫和美国教育部提出 STEM 国家人才培育策略,并针对中小学 STEM 教育,切实提出各州在创新网络合作、培训老师、建立专家教师团、资助重点学校和增加科研投入方面的具体措施。
值得注意的是,美国 STEM 教育的推广,不是在政府指导下单纯依靠学校推动,而是动员了全社会,特别是企业界的力量。在美国,盖茨基金会和纽约卡内基公司支持100多位企业 CEO 创建「变革方程」公益机构。他们通过利用资金、资源和影响力:1)促进 STEM 公益教育事业;2)激励青少年学习 STEM;3)推动基于 STEM 的教育改革。STEM 教育就像个全民运动!
从教育目标来说,STEM 教育的基本目标是培养学生的 STEM 素养。美国州长协会在2007年颁布的《创新美国:拟定科学、技术、工程与数学议程共同纲领》中指出,在知识经济时代,只有具备 STEM 素养的人才能在激烈竞争中取得先机,得到胜利。该纲领认为,STEM 素养是学生在科学、技术、工程和数学领域以及相关交叉领域中,运用个人关于现实世界运行方式知识的能力。
显而易见,STEM 素养包含了科学素养、技术素养、工程素养和数学素养,同时又不是四者的简单组合:它包含运用这四门学科的相关能力、把学习到的零碎知识与机械过程,转变成探究真实世界相互联系的不同侧面的综合能力。
STEM 教育的特征
STEM 教育中,四门学科的教学必须紧密相连,以整合的教学方式培养学生掌握知识和技能,并灵活应用解决真实世界的问题。STEM 教育具备新的核心特征:跨学科、趣味、体验、情境、协作、设计、艺术、实证和技术增强等。
(一)跨学科
知识按学科进行划分,并不反映我们生活世界的真像和趣味。因此,分科教学(如物理、化学)在科学、技术和工程高度发达的今天,已出现很大的问题。针对这问题,理工科教育出现了取消分科、进行整合教育的趋势。这种跨学科处理是 STEM 教育最重要的核心特征。
(二)趣味
STEM 教育在实施过程中要把多学科知识融于有趣、有挑战、与生活相关的问题中。问题和活动的设计要能激发学习者内在的学习动机,问题的解决要能让学生有成就感。
(三)体验
STEM 教育不仅主张通过自学或教师讲授习得抽象知识,更强调学生动手、动脑参与学习过程。STEM 提供了学生动手做的学习体验,学生应用所学的数学和科学知识发现、并合作解决现实世界问题。
(四)情境
STEM 不是教授学生孤立、抽象的学科知识,而强调把知识还原于丰富的生活,结合生活中有趣、有挑战的问题,通过学生解决问题来完成教学。教师在设计 STEM 教育项目问题时,一方面要基于真实的生活情景,另一方面又要蕴含结构化知识。这样,学生在解决问题的过程中,不仅能获得知识,还能获得在情境中理解知识,以及迁移运用的能力。
(五)协作
STEM 教育重视协作,强调在群体协同中相互帮助、相互启发,进行群体性知识建构。STEM教育中的问题往往是真实的,真实任务的完成离不开其他同学、教师或专家的合作。
(六)设计
STEM 教育要求学习产出环节包含设计作品,这是获得成就感、维持和激发学习动机、保持学习好奇心的重要途径。设计过程中,学生学习知识、锻炼能力、提高 STEM 素养,因此强调设计是 STEM 教育的又一核心特征。
如果一直关注美国国家年度教师奖,不难发现,近些年来,这一奖项似乎对STEM教师格外“偏爱”。2008—2013年间,6位获奖者当中有一半是STEM教师。今年5月的教师纪念周里,美国教育部部长阿恩·邓肯接见的5名教师代表中,亦有3位是科学教师。
确实,近年来,STEM教育已是美国教育的重中之重,其受重视的程度有目共睹。美国总统奥巴马在2013年的国情咨文中提出的两个教育目标中,其中之一即为“培育新一代的STEM人才”。
美国STEM教育的困局
虽然备受重视,但是STEM教育、STEM人才的现状却让人忧虑。
美国在发布于2011年的一份《人力资源调查报告》中指出:超过一半的美国雇主发现自己很难找到具备高等数学、高等物理、高等化学知识的员工,而这些知识却是工作当中必须掌握的。西门子的报告称:2012年,该公司原计划在美国招收3000多个员工,但在招聘当中却发现仅有10%的应征者能够顺利通过STEM能力测试,这也就意味着90%的应征者未能从学校教育中获取胜任这3000个职位的能力。
因此,专家预计,在接下来的十几年,美国必须多培养一百万STEM领域的高校毕业生,才能使美国经济立于不败之地。
与STEM人才匮乏的现状相对应的却是快速增长的需求量。在美国,STEM领域的职数增长速度是其余工种的三倍。还有一点也许更能打动正在找工作的毕业生:STEM相关行业的薪水通常比其他行业高出26%。
从上述统计数据中得出的结论就是,所有学生都亟须在K-12阶段获得优质的STEM教育,不管他们是想接着上大学,还是步入职场谋生。因此,美国亟须为K-12阶段的学生提供既生动有趣又能让更多人享有的STEM课程,否则美国今天的经济强国地位将朝不保夕。
纵观当前美国各地推进STEM的行动,落实在操作层面上,有两个方面的特点非常明显,一是拥抱数字技术,二是在真实情境中学习。
STEM学校打造数字校园
近日,美国华盛顿州的华盛顿湖学区STEM学校联合地方高校,共同推出了几个以项目为基础、以STEM课程为重点的合作计划,旨在为本学区的高中生提供数字化的、相当于大学水平的STEM课程。
在维吉尼亚州亚历山大市的托马斯·杰弗逊科技高中,学生们在13个细分科目的、拥有一流数字化实验器材和设备的实验室中进行原创性研究,跟踪STEM领域的前沿动态。
今天,美国越来越多的STEM学校正在积极加强和政府、企业界、高等教育机构的合作,以便为学生创设高科技、合作性的学习环境,而以往,这样的学习情境只存在于高校或职场之中。
教育专家们期望得到的结果是:当学生们得到机会,提早“享用”数字化工具、专业渠道的学习资源、行业内专家学者的亲身指导,他们就近则学会将数字化资源以专业的方式融入到自己的学习活动之中,远则有望成长为新一代科学、技术、工程、数学方面的专业人才。因此,美国STEM学校对数字技术的投入可谓不惜工本。
华盛顿湖学区STEM学校的高科技实验室相当于大学实验室水准,向所有学生开放。他们可以使用的实验设备和器材包括:生物技术DNA设备,犯罪现场数字摄像系统,地理信息系统实验室。
在加卅纳帕县拥有400名学生的新技术高中,学生们被“甩进”一个拥有先进数字化设备、实行公司化运作的环境中,通过参与项目,锻炼团队合作能力和专业能力。该校推行“带上自己的设备”(bring your own device,BYOD)的教育模式,即学生把家里的数字设备带到学校来,学校提供无线上网服务。对于没有购买数字设备的学生,学校也提供上网本以备不时之需。不过今年的春假过后,学校发现己经有60台上网本处于闲置状态了,因为绝大部分学生都有了自己的电脑。新技术高中也接受本地区商业伙伴的捐赠,最近它获捐一台3D打印机,正计划明年将其融入到学校的课程中去。
新技术高中的视频制作实验室也对全体学生开放。现在,已经有不少学生能够制作出专业化、高水准的视频作品了,其中一名佼佼者甚至还获得了全美学生视频制作大赛的荣誉奖项。校长司本塞说:“有了这些数字设备,教师们评估学生的学习效果就方便多了,直观多了。”
此外,新技术高中的高校合作伙伴纳帕山谷学院还为该校学生提供sTEM相关的大学课程,但是要获得相应学分,也并非易事。比如,他们要求学生在自己选择的科目上,完成一个50个小时的实习项目;实习结束后,学生们还必须把项目的内容制作成数字化资料,递交给申请的学校或潜在的雇主。
注重在真实情境中学习
如果说,对于美国的STEM学校来说,数字技术是强有力的工具,那么,实践、实习、项目教学法则是落到实处的有效教育策略。
2013年4月9日,美国下一代科学课程标准的最终版在历经2年时间的编撰,通过两轮的征求公众意见稿后,终于如期发布。该标准的显著特点就是将科学和工程的实践部分提到显要位置,主张减少K-12科学教育理论知识的覆盖面,增加学生动手操作的机会,以利于科学探究和工程设计的融会贯通。
《自然》杂志总编、美国国家科学院院长布鲁斯·艾伯特也认为,对于K-12阶段的学生而言,积极地参与科学实践比起死记硬背科学定理更加重要,因此,新一代科学课程标准将焦点对准工程和技术等实践领域,有意识地将学生置于问题解决的真实情境之中,引导他们通过持续的动手操作,增进对科学概念的深层理解,是把准了21世纪科学课堂的脉搏。
其实,美国广大的STEM学校也一直在践行突出实践的真实情境教学。为学生提供基于真实情境的学习体验就是华盛顿湖学区STEM学校关注的另一个重点。该校和世界顶级名校华盛顿大学以及本地知名企业建立起长期的合作关系,以方便学生进入大学校园实习、参与研究项目、修读大学课程,也鼓励他们进入职场实习、体验真实世界的STEM项目,在专业人员的指导下学以致用。这些学校的学生也不再满足于在实验室里用高科技实验设各做一些虚拟的实验,而更愿意看到自己所学到的知识对真实世界产生的积极影响。
校长杜娜还表示,该校实行的也是基于项目的教学,每年每个学生都要参与到6—7个项目当中。而且该校的课程设置也堪称精细、丰富、多元。在这里,九~十年级的学生课表还相差无几,但到了十一年级时,学生们就要选择一门STEM课程作为自己的主修项了。从此时开始,学生们的课表开始变得越来越“个性化”。比如,今年将要升到十一年级的学生就可以在环境工程、可持续设计、法医心理学、数字媒体和设计中做出选择。
托马斯·杰弗逊科技高中的所有选修课都是STEM的某一个科目,学生必须完成一系列标准严格的科学和技术课程方能毕业,包括四年的核心科学课程,至少各一年的计算机科学、微积分、设计与技术课程,以及一个高年级的研究项目。该研究项目要求学生就自己感兴趣的一个专题开展原创研究。
托马斯·杰弗逊科技高中也开设专业程度更精更细的课程,比如,微生物学、纳米技术、可替代能源系统、神经科学电子学。这些课程决不是灵光一现的产物,而是学校在政府和企业界的合作伙伴把有关STEM领域最前沿的趋势、最迫切的需求等信息传达到教师那里后,学校通过斟酌、协商、审议后才决定开发的。
科学定理、定律、概念是简洁的,单向度的,而真实情境是复杂的,多维度的,所以,当把单向度的知识应用到多维度的情境中时,学生们的思维路径就变得多元了,托马斯·杰弗逊科技高中鼓励这种多路径。
“当我们和外界连通时,数字化资源和前沿动态就会顺势涌入;当给学生设置的问题就存在于现实生活中时,抽象的科学知识就具备了丰沛的实际意义。这就是为什么STEM课程既要上联数字技术,又要下达真实情境的原因所在。”校长伊万·格雷泽深有感触地说。
其实,在美国K-12阶段的STEM教育中,数字技术作为手段只是一个外壳,其最终目的还是千方百计,将学生们置于真实或模拟真实的情境当中,以加深他们对STEM知识的理解,并提高他们解决现实问题的能力。
以下是全部422个STEM专业列表
Acoustics
Actuarial Science
Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Technology, General
Aerospace Ground Equipment Technology
Aerospace Physiology and Medicine
Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical/Space Engineering
Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding
Agricultural Animal Breeding
Agricultural Engineering
AgroEcology and Sustainable Agriculture
Agronomy and Crop Science
Air and Space Operational Art and Science
Air and Space Operations Technology
Air Science/Airpower Studies
Aircraft Armament Systems Technology
Algebra and Number Theory
Analysis and Functional Analysis
Analytical Chemistry
Anatomy
Animal Behavior and Ethology
Animal Genetics
Animal Health
Animal Nutrition
Animal Physiology
Animal Sciences, General
Animal Sciences, Other
AniMATion, InterACTive Technology, Video GrAPhics and SpeCIAl Effects
Applied Mathematics, General
Applied Mathematics, Other
Aquatic Biology/Limnology
Archeology
Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology
Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/CADD
Architectural Engineering
Architectural Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
ArtifiCIAl Intelligence
Astronomy
Astronomy and Astrophysics, Other
Astrophysics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology
Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other
Atomic/Molecular Physics
AutoMATion Engineer Technology/TechniCIAn
Automotive Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn[SITESERVER_PAGE]
Behavioral Sciences
BioChemical Engineering
Biochemistry
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Other
Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering
BioinforMATics
Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Other
Biological and Physical Sciences
BioLogical/BioSystems Engineering
Biology TechniCIAn/Biotechnology Laboratory TechniCIAn
Biology/Biological Sciences, General
BioMathematics, BioinforMATics, and Computational Biology, Other
Biomedical Sciences, General
Biomedical Technology/TechniCIAn
Biometry/Biometrics
Biophysics
BioPsychology
BioStatistics
Biotechnology
Botany/Plant Biology
Botany/Plant Biology, Other
Business Statistics
CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/TechniCIAn
Cardiovascular Science
Cell Biology and Anatomy
Cell Physiology
Cell/Cellular and Molecular Biology
Cell/Cellular Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Other
Cell/Cellular Biology and Histology
Ceramic Sciences and Engineering
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Chemical Engineering, Other
Chemical Physics
Chemical Process Technology
Chemical Technology/TechniCIAn
Chemistry, General
Chemistry, Other
Civil Drafting and Civil Engineering CAD/CADD
Civil Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Civil Engineering, General
Civil Engineering, Other
Clinical and Industrial Drug Development
Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist
Cognitive Psychology and Psycholinguistics
Cognitive Science
Combat Systems Engineering
Command & Control (C, CI) Systems and Operations
Comparative Psychology
Computational and Applied Mathematics
Computational Biology
Computational Mathematics
Computational Science
Computer and Information Sciences, General
Computer and Information Sciences, Other
Computer and InforMATion Systems Security/InforMATion Assurance
Computer Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Computer Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Computer Engineering, General
Computer Engineering, Other
Computer Graphics
Computer Hardware Engineering
Computer Hardware Technology/TechniCIAn
Computer Programming, Other
Computer Programming, Specific APplications
Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification
Computer Programming/Programmer, General
Computer Science
Computer Software and Media APplications, Other
Computer Software Engineering
Computer Software Technology/TechniCIAn
Computer Support SpeCIAlist
Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst
Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications
Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology
Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, Other
Condensed Matter and MATerials Physics
Conservation Biology
Construction Engineering
Construction Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Cyber/Computer Forensics and Counterterrorism
Cyber/Electronic Operations and Warfare
Cytotechnology/Cytotechnologist
Dairy Science
DATa Modeling/Warehousing and DATabase Administration
DATa Processing and DATa Processing Technology/TechniCIAn
Developmental and Child Psychology
Developmental Biology and Embryology
Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia
Directed Energy Systems
Drafting and Design Technology/TechniCIAn, General
Drafting/Design Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Ecology
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Ecology, Evolution, SysteMATics and Population Biology, Other
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics
Educational Evaluation and Research
Educational Statistics and Research Methods
Educational/Instructional Technology
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Other
Electrical/Electronics Drafting and Electrical/Electronics CAD/CADD
Electromechanical and Instrumentation and Maintenance Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Electromechanical Engineering
Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical Engineering Technology
Elementary Particle Physics
Endocrinology
Energy Management and Systems Technology/TechniCIAn
Engineering Acoustics
Engineering Chemistry
Engineering Design
Engineering Mechanics
Engineering Physics/Applied Physics
Engineering Science
Engineering Technologies and Engineering-Related Fields, Other
Engineering Technology, General
Engineering, General
Engineering, Other
Engineering/Industrial Management
Engineering-Related Fields, Other
Engineering-Related Technologies, Other
Entomology
Environmental Biology
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Control Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental Technology
Environmental Health
Environmental Science
Environmental Studies
Environmental Toxicology
Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering
Epidemiology
Evolutionary Biology
Exercise Physiology
Experimental Psychology
Explosive Ordinance/Bomb Disposal
Financial Mathematics
Food Science
Food Science and Technology, Other
Food Technology and Processing
Forensic Chemistry
Forensic Science and Technology
Forest Engineering
Forest Sciences and Biology
Genetics, General
Genetics, Other
Genome Sciences/Genomics
Geochemistry
Geochemistry and Petrology
GeogrAPhicInforMATion Science and Cartography
GeoLogical and EArth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
Geological/Geophysical Engineering
Geology/Earth Science, General
Geometry/Geometric Analysis
GeoPhysics and Seismology
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Hazardous MATerialsInforMATion Systems Technology/TechniCIAn
Hazardous MATerials Management and Waste Technology/TechniCIAn
Health/Medical Physics
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Horticultural Science
Human Biology
Human Computer InterACTion
Human/Medical Genetics
Hydraulics and Fluid Power Technology/TechniCIAn
Hydrology and Water Resources Science
Immunology
Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences
Industrial Engineering
Industrial Production Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Industrial Radiologic Technology/TechniCIAn
Industrial Safety Technology/TechniCIAn
Industrial Technology/TechniCIAn
InforMATics
InforMATion Operations/Joint InforMATion Operations
Information Science/Studies
Information Technology
Information Technology Project Management
InforMATion/PsychoLogical Warfare and Military Media Relations
Inorganic Chemistry
Instrumentation Technology/TechniCIAn
Integrated Circuit Design
Intelligence, Command Control and InforMATion Operations, Other
Intelligence, General
Joint Command/Task Force (C, CI) Systems
Laser and Optical Engineering
Laser and Optical Technology/TechniCIAn
Livestock Management
Low-Observables and Stealth Technology
Management Science
Management Science and Quantitative Methods, Other
Manufacturing Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Marine Biology and BioLogicalOceanogrAPhy
Marine Sciences
MATerials Chemistry
Materials Engineering
Materials Science
Materials Sciences, Other
MATheMATical Biology
Mathematical Statistics and Probability
Mathematics and Computer Science
Mathematics and Statistics
Mathematics and Statistics, Other
Mathematics, General
Mathematics, Other
Mechanical Drafting and Mechanical Drafting CAD/CADD
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/TechniCIAn
Mechatronics, Robotics, and AutoMATion Engineering
Medical Informatics
Medical Microbiology and Bacteriology
Medical Scientist
Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Metallurgical Engineering
Metallurgical Technology/TechniCIAn
Meteorology
Microbial and Eukaryotic Genetics
MicrobioLogical Sciences and Immunology, Other
Microbiology and Immunology
Microbiology, General
Military Applied Sciences, Other
Military InforMATion Systems Technology
Military Systems and Maintenance Technology, Other
Military Technologies and Applied Sciences, Other
Mining and Mineral Engineering
Mining and Petroleum Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Mining Technology/TechniCIAn
Missile and Space Systems Technology
Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation
Molecular Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Molecular Biophysics
Molecular Genetics
Molecular Medicine
Molecular Pharmacology
Molecular Physiology
Molecular Toxicology
Munitions Systems/Ordinance Technology
Mycology[SITESERVER_PAGE]
Nanotechnology
Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy
Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other
Natural Resources/Conservation, General
Natural Sciences
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
Naval Science and Operational Studies
Network and System Administration/Administrator
Neuroanatomy
Neurobiology and Anatomy
Neurobiology and Behavior
Neurobiology and Neurosciences, Other
NeuroPharmacology
Neuroscience
Nuclear and Industrial RadioLogic Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Nuclear Engineering
Nuclear Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/TechniCIAn
Nutrition Sciences
Occupational Safety and Health Technology/TechniCIAn
Ocean Engineering
OceanogrAPhy, Chemical and Physical
Oncology and Cancer Biology
Operational OceanogrAPhy
Operations Research
Optics/Optical Sciences
Organic Chemistry
PackAging Science
Paleontology
PAPer Science and Engineering
Parasitology
Pathology/Experimental Pathology
Personality Psychology
Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Technology/TechniCIAn
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmaceutics and Drug Design
PharmacoEconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics
Pharmacology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Other
Photobiology
Physical Chemistry
Physical Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Physical Sciences
Physical Sciences, Other
Physics, General
Physics, Other
Physiological Psychology/Psychobiology
Physiology, General
Physiology, Pathology, and Related Sciences, Other
Planetary Astronomy and Science
Plant Genetics
Plant Molecular Biology
Plant Pathology/Phytopathology
Plant Physiology
Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
Plant Sciences, General
Plant Sciences, Other
Plasma and High-Temperature Physics
Plastics and Polymer Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Polymer Chemistry
Polymer/Plastics Engineering
Population Biology
Poultry Science
Pre-Engineering
Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology
PsychoPharmacology
Quality Control and Safety Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Quality Control Technology/TechniCIAn
Radar Communications and Systems Technology
Radiation Biology/Radiobiology
Range Science and Management
Reproductive Biology
Research and Experimental Psychology, Other
Robotics Technology/TechniCIAn
Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, General
Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology
Signal/Geospatial Intelligence
Social Psychology
Soil Chemistry and Physics
Soil Microbiology
Soil Science and Agronomy, General
Soil Sciences, Other
Solar Energy Technology/TechniCIAn
Space Systems Operations
Statistics, General
Statistics, Other
Strategic Intelligence
Structural Biology
Structural Engineering
Surveying Engineering
Surveying Technology/Surveying
Sustainability Studies
System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager
SysteMATic Biology/BioLogicalSysteMATics
Systems Engineering
Systems Science and Theory
TeleCommunications Engineering
Telecommunications Technology/TechniCIAn
Textile Sciences and Engineering
Theoretical and Mathematical Physics
Theoretical Chemistry
Topology and FounDATions
Toxicology
Transportation and Highway Engineering
Undersea Warfare
Urban Forestry
Veterinary Anatomy
Veterinary Infectious Diseases
Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology
Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology
Veterinary Physiology
Veterinary Preventive medicine Epidemiology and Public Health
Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology
Virology
Vision Science/PhysioLogical Optics
Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/TechniCIAn
Water Resources Engineering
Water, Wetlands, and Marine Resources Management
Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and InforMATion Resources Design
Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster
Welding Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn
Wildlife Biology
Wildlife, Fish and Wildlands Science and Management
Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and PAPer Technology
Zoology/Animal Biology
Zoology/Animal Biology, Other
